Writing Services Company - Tips For Choosing One

Writing Services Company - Tips For Choosing OneWhen you are looking for a writer who will help you with your term papers, choosing a good writing services company is essential. Most companies offer the same service, although some charge more, so it is important to consider the company you are interested in before you actually make the hire.Before choosing a writing services company, find out about their background. Is the company involved in case studies, market research, or any other such method that may be required?A good company will have editing services as part of their service, and a quick check will tell you if they offer editing services. Some companies offer free editing, but it may not be as thorough as one with editing services. A good example is Oxford English Corpus.A good company will also take the time to find out about the experiences of the other writers they are currently working with. This helps when it comes to the kind of style and approach they will have. If yo u are dealing with a new writer, then this will be the one that you should talk to.A good writing services company should have good editing capabilities, and should be able to help you with your term papers using the same editing techniques they use with other clients. It is always best to ask questions to the person who will be editing your papers, to make sure you are getting quality work from them.The most important thing to look for is who is the editor. This should be someone who has experience in this area, and should be someone that you can trust. Also, if you choose a company that you don't know anything about, it is important to make sure that they are a reputable company.A freelance writer does not need to be paid for each term paper they write. However, having a good writing service company will make it easier to work with them, so that you can get your papers edited quickly. A good service company can ensure that you get an excellent document and make the process of gett ing your term papers done as easy as possible.

Essay on Wal-Mart Financial Analysis - 1677 Words

Corporate Finance: Wal-Mart Contents Corporate Finance: Wal-Mart 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Success at Delivering Value to the Shareholders in the Last 5 Years 2 2.1 Growth in Earnings 2 2.2 Growth in Dividend Declared 3 3. Valuation of Equity 4 3.1 Net Asset Value (NAV) 5 3.2 Price / Earnings Ratio 5 3.3 Discounted Free Cash Flow 7 4. Reconciliation of Differences 8 4.1 Benefits and Costs of Using Net Assets Value 9 4.2 Benefits and Costs of Using Price Earnings Ratio 9 4.3 Benefits and Costs of Using Discounted Free Cash Flow 9 5. Conclusion 9 1. Introduction The organization that I have chosen for the purpose of this corporate finance analysis is Wal-Mart. As is well known, Wal-Mart is the global market leader of†¦show more content†¦However the author emphasizes that the issue actually is the other way around that the shareholder value principle has not betrayed the management rather it is the management that has betrayed the principle. In basic, delivering value to the shareholders means that the organization has been able to grow the earnings, the dividends of the organization and the share price. Thus in analyzing the delivery of shareholder value by Wal-Mart these three elements will be focused upon. 2.1 Growth in Earnings In analyzing the growth in earnings of the shareholder, a simple but effective tool is the Earnings per share value. For Wal-Mart, this is given as under: 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 EPS 4.56 4.20 3.74 3.35 3.16 As can be seen from the value and trend of earningper of Share of Wal-Mart the value delivered to the shareholders has increased in the period 2008 to 2012. This means that the organization has been successful in creating more income every year and then delivering a larger portion of income to the shareholders. In 2008, the Earnings per Share were 3.16 dollars which increased to 4.56 in 2012. 2.2 Growth in Dividend Declared The following is the history of dividends declared and paid by Wal-Mart from 2008 to 2012. Date Dec-12 Aug-12 May-12 Mar-12 Dec-11 Aug-11 May-11 Mar-11 Dec-10 Aug-10 May-10 Aug-10 Amount 0.47Show MoreRelatedWal-Mart Financial Analysis1135 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Roger, Arkansas. Wal-Mart has 4,100 stores and clubs in the U.S. and a total of 7,300 unit’s world wide. It employed about 2 million associate’s world wide and approximately 1.4 million in the United States. Wal-Marts average annual total revenue rate was slightly more than 10% for the three years from the fiscal year ending 2006 to the fiscal year ending 2008. They also had a stock split of 100 %; they saw this split 11 times duringRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Wal-Mart1321 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Analysis of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Introduction On July 2, 1962, Sam Walton opened the first Walmart discount store in Rogers, Arkansas. Walmart is in the discount store industry and its principal competitors are Kmart, Target, ShopKo, and Meijer. Walmart’s culture has been built on a common purpose: saving people money so they can live better. By 1967, Walton had opened 24 stores and had generated $12.7 in sales. The company was officially incorporated as Walmart Stores, Inc. in 1969Read MoreFinancial Analysis : Wal Mart1691 Words   |  7 Pagesand what they should strive for. With that being said, many of today’s most successful organizations utilize competing in analytics to conquer the market. To illustrate, companies such as Wal-Mart, the biggest retailer store, claims that it provides the lowest market prices for its goods. In doing so, Wal-Mart utilizes analytics to enhance it supply chain and inventory costs (2). This example shows the importance of outstanding analytics in saving costs and generating pro fit. Further, data analyticsRead MoreFINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SEARS VS. WAL-MART5339 Words   |  22 PagesFINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SEARS VS. WAL-MART Table Content Background Analysis------------------------------------------------ 3 Financial Ratio analysis--------------------------------------------- 4 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)--------------------- 12 Working Capital Management--------------------------------------20 Dividend Policy and Tax Treatment------------------------------- 23 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------24 Background Analysis Wal-MartRead MoreEssay Wal-Mart Financial Analysis - Fin5152039 Words   |  9 PagesWal-Mart Financial Analysis Danny J. Saldana FIN515 August 27, 2012 Professor David Felsberg I have chosen Wal-Mart as my company to do a financial analysis on. In my financial analysis I will look will be reviewing Wal-Marts financial ratios for years 2010 and 2005. I will also be looking at Target’s financial ratios for the same years to determine how Wal-Mart is doing within its industry. (All numbers are in thousands) Liquidity ratios Current ratio - Measures whether or notRead MoreWal-Mart Financial Statement Analysis3307 Words   |  14 PagesThe Paul Merage School of Business at UC Irvine | Financial Statement Analysis amp; Reporting: Earnings Quality and Asset Analysis | Company - WALMART | Kian BolooriHee Jun ChungDaejune Min | 1. Qualitative Analysis for the environment and the company (1) INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Walmart is in the discount retailer industry. This industry started in the 1950s, grew in the 1960s, and matured in the 1970s. With exception to a moderate growth period in the 1990s, the industry had remainedRead MoreFinancial Analysis Of Wal-Mart. Kathleen Brown. Acc 2051545 Words   |  7 Pages Financial Analysis of Wal-Mart Kathleen Brown ACC 205 Principals of Accounting I Instructor Woods February 17, 2017 Company Overview Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a company based in America and it was started in 1962. The company is in the retail industry and it operates grocery stores, discount stores, and hypermarkets. The company’s headquarters are located in Arkansas. According to the Fortune Global 500, Wal-Mart is categorized as the world’s leader in revenue. The company is also consideredRead MoreThe following report contains an analysis with an overview of Wal-Mart Inc. and it’s financial1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe following report contains an analysis with an overview of Wal-Mart Inc. and it’s financial statements. Wal-Mart, one of the biggest corporations and the largest employer in the world, has used exceptional ways of generating revenue and systems of tracking inventory, two very distinct characteristics of the company, while still maintaining a powerful imagine over all these years. I. Inventory In order to track such a large amount of inventory, Wal-Mart has employed the perpetual inventory systemRead MoreAmerican Corporation Analysis1425 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ American Corporation Analysis ACC/561 September 19, 2013 Mr. Ponteja American Corporation Analysis Wal-Mart is one of the biggest retailers not only in the United States, but also internationally. The corporation was founded in Arkansas by Sam Walton in 1962 and has grown to produce revenue of over $460 billion while employing 2.2 million employees (Seeking Alpha, 2013). Wal-Mart is known for the low cost structure and has succeeded in the retail market. Although the corporation hasRead MoreWeek 5 Assignment Final Paper1735 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Wal-Mart Financial Analysis Report Michael Thomas ACC205: Principles of Accounting Instructor: Mark Stricklett November 10, 2014 Wal-Mart Financial Analysis Report In accounting there is much to be learned, about the financial aspects of a business. In the past five weeks I have learned the importance of financial reports and how they relate to the success of an establishment. These reports may include balance sheets and income statements,

Motivation of Workers in the Construction Industry

INSTITUTION: KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI DEPARTMENT: BUILDINGTECHNOLOGY NAME: PHILIP QUAQUE AHIABOR PROGRAMME: QSCE 4 RESEARCH TOPIC: MOTIVATION OF WORKERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN GHANA (CASE STUDY: SELECTED CONSTRUCTION FIRMS IN GREATER ACCRA REGION) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Motivation is the set of reasons that encourages one to engage in a particular behaviour. The term is generally used for human motivation but, it can be used to describe the causes for animal behaviour as well. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desire object, hobby, goal, state of†¦show more content†¦Whether it to excel on the workshop floor or in the ‘ivory tower ‘ they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus (Military Leadership, 1993). According to Shun (2004), management is often frustrated by lack of motivation generated by the end of the year bonuses. Foremen, who form part of worker strength, are often unable to motivate the average craftsman today (Business Roundtable, 1989). There is therefore the need for craftsmen and other subordinates to be motivated by providing them with the right conditions and opportunity. A correlation exists between worker motivation and performance; therefore there is the need for workers to always feel motivated in order to increase performance. It is believed that if organizations stop paying lip services to the issue of motivation, workers will work diligently in attaining set targets and objectives and cases such as lateness, absenteeism, laziness, negligence and pilfering on the part of workers will be eradicated (Huitt, 2004). 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to look into the problem relating to motivation in the construction companies in Ghana. The objectives of the above study include: * To investigate into how workers are motivated. * To identify the impact of motivation in the construction industry. * To identify the impact motivation has on individual workers. * To suggest possible solutions toShow MoreRelatedHow Happiness Can Improve Productivity788 Words   |  3 Pagesrather expect that happiness will reduce the motivation to seek improvement and make them passive and dull. Comparing with other organization, construction industry has the highest need of human resources for all hierarchical levels. It is one of the largest global employment sectors, providing work for a significant proportion of the labour market and accounting for a significant share of the world domestic product (GDP) (Martin et al., 2003). Construction projects has many challenges such as theRead MoreEssay on Insight on the Motivation of Workers596 Words   |  3 PagesMotivation has always been a subject of much research over the last fifty years however there have been many definitions and theories describing and analysing motivation but the research is never complete. Right from Robert Owen who described human beings to be like machines that need care and maintenance to work efficiently till Drucker (1999) who described them as the knowledge workers of the 21st century with different needs and therefore on what it is required I would like to elaborate on theRead MoreThe Maslow s H ierarchy Of Needs Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagescompany demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It will proceed with primary research (worker motivation on selected construction sites in Bangkok, Thailand, and a study of Ethnic Differences and Motivation Based on Maslow’sRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology company demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites in Bangkok and the secondRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Construction Industry1235 Words   |  5 Pagesworld for improving the living standards of human kind, whereas construction industry is providing efficient structures for domestic living, travel and business purposes. The construction industry is considered very risky field of operation due to more physical labour required for completing the projects. There are different stages of construction projects, whereas large number of workforce is completing these stages of construction projects. The management of employees is important for any kindRead MoreThere are many papers on Labour Productivity and its improvement. But application of Work Study for1000 Words   |  4 Pagesare more common i n manufacturing industry, but now its application is increasing in construction industry as well. 2.2 Labour Productivity Since the construction labours are the most dynamic element in the construction industry improving labour efficiency has become a target for construction companies. One of the most efficient ways to increase labour efficiency is that of improving their productivity. Hence, by increasing labour productivity, less number of workers can achieve same production rateRead MoreStrategic Plan for a Construction Company1205 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Plan for a Construction Company Introduction Recently as 6 months ago I was involved in the reconstruction and up gradation of my own house. The process lasted 1 and half years due to various reasons, some of which were that we were also living in the same house and the upper story was being built, availability of funds, lack of time on our part etc. But apart from these aspects I learnt that the construction business of today lacks many things. One such thing was that there are noRead MoreThe Managerial Styles Within The Catering Industry1478 Words   |  6 Pages A critical comparison to the managerial styles within the catering industry with that of the companies within the built environment Author: David Tiernan Student No: 000879221-6 20th November 2015 1. Introduction This report critically compares the key management theories and management style differences between the catering and construction sectors. It identifies core differences within the industries and the difference in approach required for each to deliver one’s own serviceRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment And Jonestown1450 Words   |  6 Pagesworkplace or industry. Similar to the experiment that Mills discusses Stanley Milgram, PhD conducting in â€Å"More shocking results: New research replicates Milgram s findings†, supervisors replace teachers and new employees replicate students. In my experience, a large portion of men employed on construction sites participate in the use of some form of tobacco, most notably, chewing tobacco. Construction workers often begin their initial employment in the industry as general laborers or construction helpersRead More1.1 General Construction labour productivity has become big problem in construction industry. In700 Words   |  3 Pages1.1 General Construction labour productivity has become big problem in construction industry. In many countries, labour cost comprises 30 to 50% of the overall project’s cost (Yates and Guhathakurta, 1993), and thus is regarded as a true reflection of the economic success. Because construction is labour-intensive industry, significance of this effect not only justifies the concern over its labour productivity, but it can also be argued that labour power is the only productive resource. There are

Ethopoeia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, ethopoeia means to put  oneself in the place of another so as to both understand and express his or her feelings more vividly. Ethopoeia is one  of the rhetorical exercises known as the  progymnasmata. Also called impersonation. Adjective: ethopoetic. From the point of view of a speechwriter, says  James J. Murphy, [e]thopoeia  is the ability to capture the ideas, words, and style of delivery suited to the person for whom the address is written. Even more so,  ethopoeia  involves adapting the speech to the exact conditions under which it is to be spoken (A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 2014). Commentary Ethopoeia was one of the earliest rhetorical techniques that the Greeks named; it denoted the construction--or simulation--of character in discourse, and was particularly apparent in the art of logographers, or speechwriters, who worked usually for those who had to defend themselves in court. A successful logographer, like Lysias, could create in a prepared speech an effective character for the accused, who would actually speak the words (Kennedy 1963, pp. 92, 136) . . .. Isocrates, the great teacher of rhetoric, noted that a speakers character was an important contribution to the persuasive effect of the speech. (Carolyn R. Miller, Writing in a Culture of Simulation. Towards a Rhetoric of Everyday Life, ed. by M. Nystrand and J. Duffy. University of Wisconsin Press, 2003) Two Kinds ofEthopoeia There are two kinds of  ethopoeia. One is a description of a characters moral and psychological characteristics; in this sense, it is a characteristic feature of portrait writing. . . . It can also be used as an argumentational strategy. In this sense ethopoeia involves putting oneself into someone elses shoes and imagining the feelings of the other person. (Michael Hawcroft,  Rhetoric: Readings in French Literature. Oxford University Press, 1999)   Ethopoeia in ShakespearesHenry IV, Part 1 Do thou stand for me, and Ill play my father... [T]here is a devil haunts thee, in the likeness of a fat old man; a tun of man is thy companion. Why dost thou converse with that trunk of humours, that bolting hutch of beastliness, that swolln parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years? Wherein is he good, but to taste sack and drink it? (Prince Hal impersonating his father, the king, while Falstaff--the fat old man--assumes the role of Prince Hal in Act II, Scene iv, of Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare)   Ethopoeia in Film By leaving out of the frame what a person cannot or does not see, and including only what he can or does, we are putting ourselves in his place--the figure ethopoeia. It is, when seen in another way, an ellipsis, the one that always lurks behind our backs... Philip Marlowe is sitting in his office, looking out of the window. The camera retreats from his back to bring in a shoulder, head, and hat of Moose Malloy, and as it does, something prompts Marlowe to turn his head. He and we become aware of Moose at the same time (Murder My Sweet, Edward Dmytryk)...The leaving out of the frame something expected in the normal course of events, or conversely, including the unusual, is a sign that what we are seeing may only exist in the awareness of one of the characters, projected into the world outside. (​N. Roy Clifton, The Figure in Film. Associated University Presses, 1983) Further Reading Ethopoeia in George Orwells A HangingProsopopoeiaCharacterEkphrasisIdentificationMimesisPersonaPersonificationWhat Are the Progymnasmata?

Childhood Abuse In Eveline - 1128 Words

James Joyces short story Eveline is set in Dublin, Ireland during the turn of the 20th century. The suffering was of the Irish was immense during this time in history, due to the struggle of against the English occupation of Ireland. An observation made about Dublin during the early 1900s was that â€Å"the Irish capital is paralysed by Catholicism, by the English imperialism, by grave poverty and social injustice† (Boyson). Ireland was still reeling from the famine the occurred fifty years earlier. The great potato famine as it’s called, led to mass migration, starvation, and disease. Joyce incorporates this heavy darkness, weariness, and resignation into his story about Eveline. In his short story Joyce describes a young woman,†¦show more content†¦Eveline remembers her father â€Å"was not so bad then† (Joyce). Though during those years, she was not the target of her fathers abuse, her brothers Harry and Ernest were. But she had to watch the terror of her father abusing her beloved brothers. Eveline remembers He [Mr. Hill] had never gone for her like he used to go for Harry and Ernest, because she was a girl† (Joyce) One by one Eveline’s protectors leave either one by death, one by choice, until Eveline was all that was left. That is when Eveline became the target of her father’s abuse. The narrator comments her father begun to threaten her and say what he would do to her† (Joyce). At only 19 years old, Eveline was alone to deal with her fathers frequent tirades and violence. Evelines life has revolved around the fear of her fathers violence. The narrator describes Eveline as someone who felt herself in danger of her fathers violence† (Joyce). An insightful observation of Eveline heartbreaking existence was made by Florence Walzl, who called Evelines subservience to her father, â€Å"slavery for a drunken father(224). Evelines fear of her father has manifested into anxiety attacks. She unders tands that â€Å"her father that has caused her palpitations† (Joyce). Despite her timid nature, Eveline has weekly confrontations with her father over money for household expenses. During these confrontations her father berates her, bellowing that â€Å"he wasn’tShow MoreRelatedMary Joyce s Eveline : The Classical Signs Of A Victim852 Words   |  4 Pageskids. Abuse does not see race, gender, or stature, yet it happens every day in a close - knit relationship. Abuse can be so subtle that it slowly chips away a person’s identity, and the person does not even realize that they are in an abusive relationship. In James Joyce’s, â€Å"Eveline,† Eveline exhibits the classical signs of a victim to abuse. She lacks self-confidence due to her father’s verbal, emotional, and financial abuse. Eveline lacks confidence due her father s verbal abuse. Eveline is nineteenRead MoreEssay on Feminism in Dubliners1321 Words   |  6 Pagesforefront of his stories and using them to show major roles and flaws in Irish society, specifically in â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Boarding House†. James Joyce portrays women as victims who are forced to assume a leading and somewhat patriarchal role in their families. He uses them to show the paralysis of his native land Ireland, and the disruption in social order that is caused by the constant cycle of abuse that he finds commonplace in Ireland. Joyce is trying to end the Victorian and archaic view of womenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Eveline By James Joyce954 Words   |  4 PagesEveline The story begins with a silver lining in a memory that deepens into a pit of depression The narrator helps to describe her memories as Eveline, staring blankly out a window, wallows in her conflicting feelings of adoration and isolation. Today in many places, what takes place in Dublin during 1914 as common place family dynamics, can be recognized as a cyclical pattern of abuse between a controlling and manipulative father, his demure and defenseless wife, and their helpless and hopefulRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Eveline1123 Words   |  5 PagesJames Joyce’s Eveline is a story of a woman dealing with the decision to stay at home with her father and the children she cares for while enduring abuse, or going out across the sea with her boyfriend Frank, who wishes to make Eveline his wife. Although Eveline s father had caused her strife through his abusiveness, she reflects on a time when she was younger and her mother was still alive and he was not that way. Eveline wonders what what they would say about her in the stores if she were to goRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, Much Ado About Nothing, And My Last Duchess1345 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Nothing, â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover,† â€Å"Eveline,† and â€Å"My Last Duchess.† In drama Othello, by Shakespeare, the title character suspects his wife Desdemona has been unfaithful with no proof and just the assumption of a friend. He publicly confronts Desdemona by hitting her and calling her a whore. Othello is in possession of power here because he publicly shows what he is capable of; he is not afraid to hit a woman. In short story â€Å"Eveline,† by James Joyce, Eveline and her younger brothers grow up inRead MoreEssay about Character Analysis of James Joyce Eveline1432 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 122 Ms. Purvis An Analysis of a Promise The short story written by James Joyce â€Å"Eveline† is about a young lady who lives her life in a promise. The promise is to her mother, who had passed away, that no matter how bad the family became, she would always keep it together. At a significant point in Eveline’s life, she was given the opportunity to leave the family and start a family of her own. Although Eveline is miserable with her life, she runs from Frank with no love in her eyes and remembersRead MoreSummary Of Araby And Araby1134 Words   |  5 Pagesoccasionally need to have our heads in the clouds and be lost in them. Everyone, at some point in their lives, has the desire to escape from the dull routines of everyday lives. James Joyce conveys this desire effectively in his short stories called â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"Araby†. Even though the plots are completely different, both the stories have protagonists who are lonely, desperate and long for the means to escape. The two stories also have unhappy endings due to the cruelties and responsibilities of lifeRead MoreEveline3513 Words   |  15 Pagesbetter life elsewhere. The Irish were second-class citizens within their own nation; Ireland was a British colony and the Northern Protestants controlled the economy of the country. Catholic families often faced hardship. Alcoholism and abuse, as portrayed in â€Å"Eveline† were rampant. As a result, many of the Irish sought to escape James Joyce represents everyday life of Dublin in the early twentieth century in his collection of short stories, Dubliners. Dubliners consists of 15 stories and each of themRead MoreGrowing Up in Dublin in The Dubliners Essay3039 Words   |  13 Pagesbeginning of Dubliners are about youth and as the story progresses they concern older people and the last book is called The Dead. To answer this question I am going to use three of the short stories from Dubliners; An Encounter, Araby and Eveline. I have chosen these three stories as they are near the start of the book and thus detail young peoples lives in Dublin, a feature of the book I can, as a teenager, identify with. ARABY This is the first of these stories andRead MoreLecture on Short Story5432 Words   |  22 Pagesthat are relevant to the systematic theme or purpose underlying the narrative. Although the short story has moved from the symbols and strict allegory of the myth and folk tale in favour of more â€Å"realistic† situations and characters (like poor Eveline and her predicament in Joyce’s story), the compression of its form along with its presentation of a character’s consciousness in a realistic setting has pushed meaning underneath. So that, often, when reading a short story, although we feel that there

Islamic History And Themes Of Islam - 1641 Words

Tyler Williamson Professor Bordenkircher POLS 165 October 22, 2015 Muhammad and Islam 1) The religion of Islam was created by Muhammad after he began to get prophetic visions when he was 40 years old. The messages he preached were: monotheism, an imminent day of judgement, as well as social and economic justice for all. Since the start of this class approximately five weeks ago we have learned a great deal about ancient Islamic history and themes that are present throughout the history of Islam. This paper will discuss the relevant aspects of Islamic history, terms used to describe the Islamic faith—such as umma—and the historical relevance of jihad and its application. The Muslim migration from Mecca (the â€Å"hijra) marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar and the starting point of the Medinan phase of Muhammad’s life. The Muslim umma was established in 622 CE, after the Prophet (Muhammad) and his followers fled from—the persecution they faced in—Mecca to flee to the safety of Medina. Medinan leaders offered Muhammad and his fo llowers safe haven in Medina in hope that he would be able to put an end to the tribal conflicts that were occurring there—in exchange for protection and shelter for his followers, from Mecca. Umma (or ummah) is the Arabic word for â€Å"nation† or â€Å"community†, in the Fazlur Rahman text, Islam, it is spelled with an â€Å"h† at the end—ummah. When it is stated that the â€Å"Muslim umma† was established it is saying that the Muslim community (not nation) wasShow MoreRelatedUniversity of Phoenix: Islam Worksheet1148 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Islam Worksheet When studying Islam, it is important to understand the essential elements of the faith, how they are practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam, Sunni Islam, and Sufism. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam. The Islamic religion is a Middle Eastern, Arabic Peninsula,Read MoreThe Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon954 Words   |  4 PagesGordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements that fostered the rise of Islam helped establish one ofRead MoreIslamic Reform Movements Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic Reform Movements Behind all Islamic reform movements is the rejection of the western idea of nation-state and the principle of separation between the church and state. All Islamic reform movements seek to change Islam and society on the basis of a return to a strict adherence to the Quran and the Hadiths. To reform Islam and society, reform movements advocate the taking of political power in order to command that which is proper and forbid that which is reprehensible. In brief, thisRead More Saudi Arabia Essays931 Words   |  4 Pagesthough it is thought of by many as a rather backward country, Saudi Arabia has a rich history and culture, and it is a country that revolves around Islam and the worship of Allah as the one true God. For about fifteen hundred years, Saudi Arabia’s history has centered on one major theme: Islam. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born around 570 A.D. in the city of Mecca. Early in the 7th century A.D., according to Islamic belief, Muhammad, while meditating in a cave on Mount Hira, was visited by the angelRead Morechapter 9 documents Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Logan Simon World History AP Chapter 9 documents 11/7/14 Document 9.1 1. What specific prescriptions for social life do these selections contain? Notice in particular those directed toward the weakest members of society. How would you describe the Quran’s view of a good society? These selections contain the idea that society is supposed have people that wish good onto others and speak to others and about others in a kind way. Society is expected to be in constant prayer and also expected to contributeRead MoreThe Arrival Of Islam And Islam952 Words   |  4 PagesThe arrival of Islam brought many changes to Arabian life and society as it then existed. One of these changes was among the treatment of women and their place in society. Before the coming of Islam in the 7th century, women were thought to be inferior servants to men. The arrival of Islam throughout Arabia opened many opportunities for women that allowed them more rights and more influence on the basis of equality. The arrival of Islam is what was crucial for women to be seen as human beings. WomenRead MoreIslamic Culture Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on the teachings of Islam. The Muslim culture is a subject of debate for many people who lives in different parts of the world and belong to diverse communities. Muslim culture represents the unification of brotherhood where all Muslims are bound to practice a common religious phenomenon. Source of this culture comes from the teachings provided by the Holy Prophet Mohammed (P.B.U.H) and Islam (Bouhdiba, 2003). Muslims are the followers of Islam and the Islamic (Abrahamic) religion. WordRead MoreSpread of Islam in West Africa by Professor Abdur-Rahman I Doi649 Words   |  3 PagesDoi, had established the Dar as-Salaam Islamic Research Center and had great experience in researching, lecturing and administration in African societal studies. In his article â€Å"Spread of Islam in West Africa†, he traced the path that Islam as a new religion went throw before it spread into sub-Saharan region of West Africa focusing on the Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay, the Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land. He described the influence of Islam on the â€Å"Dyaogo dynasty of the KingdomRead MoreRaza Aslan is Defending his Faith in the Book, No God but God1177 Words   |  5 Pagesoccupation of Iraq as â€Å"liberation, provided a much additional implication and cultivated read of Islam than the additional dictatorial Islamists representing Shia or Sunni dogma. He’s a r eal moderate, and if western aristocracies are in search of an additional easy Islam, these books are far more useful than the bearded moderates showed off on TV after every new atrocity. Aslans explanation of early Islam is simply too literalist. The image bestowed is that of a perfect Prophet and principally undeservingRead MoreIslam s Influence On Western Civilization969 Words   |  4 PagesAs history continues, many religions have had an over powering effect on western civilization. When the 5th century arose, the religion, Islam, had an extremely important impact on the civilization. Muhammad, an Arabic prophet founded Islam and began to introduce it the people of his time. Diplomacy, violence, warfare, public laws, and Arabic tradition played a crucial role in the building of the Islamic religion. These important aspects helped shape and build the Islam religion that is now one of

The Human Person Is That It Needs Relationship For Its...

The nature of the human person is that it needs relationship for its existence. According to the IPS model stated here, â€Å"humans are naturally social with inclinations and needs for family, friendship, life in society, and other interpersonal relationships† (IPS group 2014, p. 9). Based on this IPS assumption, supports such as relationship, loving, caring, and interaction are essential elements that are vital for a human’s survival. Throughout the history of philosophy and psychology, individual observers made assumptions that were related to the IPS model. For instance, as cited in Broadie and Rowe’s (2002), Aristotle had argued that â€Å"a relation between two people counts as friendship only if (a) it is reciprocal; (b) each wishes the other†¦show more content†¦Bowlby was a psychoanalyst, so the paper also considers other significant individuals who have contributed to the psychoanalytic school in the history of psychology. Such individuals inc lude Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Klein, Ainsworth, Main, and Winnicott. In his book: Attachment and Loss, Bowlby (1969) stated: â€Å"For long, psychoanalysts have been at one in recognizing a child’s first human relationship as the foundation stone of his personality; but there is as yet no agreement on the nature and origin of that relationship† (Bowlby, 1969 p. 177). Before continuing with Bowlby’s attachment theory, the paper examines first some ideas of the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud’s theory of personality focuses on drives and unconsciousness. Thorne and Henley (2001) stated, â€Å"Freud grew more and more convinced that much of the operation of the dynamic forces within an individual personality occurs unconsciously, and he came to see himself as an explorer of the unconsciousness† (p. 441). According to Thorne and Henley (2001), â€Å"Freud conceptualized personality in terms of the unconscious† (p. 441) which he claims has three levels: unconscious which contains unaware information that may be repressed; pre-conscious (before conscious) which is comprised of available information; and conscious material of which one is aware (p. 441). Thorne and Henley also

Comparative Indian Legal System

Questions: 1. What is the underlying ideology or religion that is served by the legal system and what are its central tenets? 2. how are those central tenets manifested in the legal system. 3. Given the central tenets of the legal system you have selected, could it co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the Australian legal system? Answers: For the purpose of study in this paper, I have taken Indian legal system and have explained the underlying ideology of creating it as well as its central tenets. The integration of such central tenets in the legal system as well as the possibility of its co-existence as the legal pluralism with the Australian legal system is also discussed in the paper. What is the Underlying Ideology or Religion that is Served by the Legal System and what are its Central Tenets? The most common legal systems around the world are the common law system, the civil law system, the socialist legality system, and the religious law system. The Indian legal system can be considered as a common law system; however it can also be classified as an open legal system which has taken elements from civil, socialist and religious legal systems as per the needs and requirements of the society.[1] As we understand that India is one of the oldest civilized nations in the world thus the legal system of India is one of oldest yet it has been changed as and when required under the constitution of India to take in inferences from other legal systems. Indian legal system is governed under the Constitution of India as it exhibits the Anglo-Saxon nature of judiciary. The legal system of India is much diversified in nature due to presence of various cultures, local traditions and customs following different ideologies yet following almost similar ethical and legal standards. Various personal and common laws governs the diverse religious population of India. The legal system of India is an integrated system of courts whose administration function is used to govern whereas the courts utilize the combination of state and union laws. The hierarchical order of courts legitimizes the authority of the Supreme Court of India as the highest order making body in the Indian legal system. The diverse geography of India has various states and each state has their own High Courts as well as various subordinate courts.[2] As discussed earlier, India, as a nation is governed under the common law system which is improved after regular judicial pronouncements and legislative actions as per the Indian culture and societal requirements. The Indian legal system has al so been moving towards the model of social justice as other territories with common law system. The legal system of India is working under the framework by defining the procedure, structure, power and duty prescribed under the Indian constitution. The federal natured Indian constitution has 25 part containing 448 articles with 12 schedules under 5 appendices and has witnessed 98 amendments till date. The tier-wide power spread among the courts in India indicates Supreme Court at highest authority with the hierarchical order followed by the High Courts, District Courts and Magistrates of Second Class and Civil Judge. 24 High Courts are governing and maintain the law and order at state level. The Indian legal system is divided into two branches:[3] Criminal Law The Criminal Law deals with acts like theft, homicide, abuse etc. A Criminal Law procedure starts with filing a FIR (First Information Report), followed by police investigation and trials in court. The India Penal Code (IPC) forms the backbone of criminal law in India. It has been amended several times since it came to force in the early British Raj in 1862.It is subdivided into 23 chapters which contains 511 sections and covers a wide range of criminal offenses.[4] The much talked about Section 377 which criminalizes gay sex falls under chapter XVI and is titled Of Unnatural Offences. Civil Law The Civil Law entails the cases where harm is caused to the rights of individuals like disputes related to land, goods, rent and divorce. The procedure of civil cases commences with filing a petition in the relevant court by the affected party only. Indian Laws Pertaining to Women and Children Various laws pertaining to the safety and security of women such as Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956,Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, Indecent Representation of Women Act, 1986, Commission of Sati Act, 1987, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 etc. are constituted in Indian legal system. Various laws pertaining to the safety and security of children such as Reformatory Schools Act, 1897, Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956, Children Act, 1960, Child Labour Act, 1986, Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles Infant Foods Amendment Act, 2003, Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, and Juvenile Justice Amendment Act, 2006 are constituted in Indian legal system. Apart from this there are other religion based laws legal in Indian legal system pertaining to other religions such as Hindu law, Muslim Law, Christian Law and Sikh Law. Overall the Indian legal system is highly complex in nature and has the lengthy law structure compared to other countries in the world. How are those Central Tenets Manifested in the Legal System? The legal systems are supposed to acknowledge the rights while laying down the duties of residents of the society. It also identifies different methods and ways to impose and implement the regulations under its constitution. The legal systems around the world are created on the basis of regularly changing social, economic and political situation in any society. The legal systems have futuristic goals and documented as well as evolving regulations to help the society to achieve the desired goals. Indian legal system has given space to other religion laws into its structure, which can function individually within the gambit of Indian legal system. The Indian legal system till now follows central tenets from the British raj. The laws made at that time still are in power in Indian legal system with some current modifications. The Indian legal system draws various similarities from the British Common Law system as the judges are given full authorities to develop the rules, regulations and laws by passing the judgments.[5] The Indian legal system has its own federal structure with a combination of both central and state government and courts working towards the interests of the Indian society. The Indian laws have been creased under the constitution of India (initialed applied on January 26, 1950) which has been adopted by the parliament of India as well as is regarded as the primary source of law. Other sources are usual in nature such as different case laws, ratification in the existing laws passed by the Indian parliament, various decree and statutes as well as regular customary legal changes and treaties. Indian government and nation as a whole is governed under the constitution and its various charters which are regarded as the fundamental principles of law. The Indian constitution, as the primary legal background of system, was created by the Constituent Assembly under the leadership of Dr. BhimraoAmbedkar. The assembly drafted the Indian constitution with the help of constitutional documents of various nations such as Ireland, USA, Canada, and Australia. The primary document of Indian constitution is divided into 22 parts and it contains 395 articles in 12 schedules . Indian constitution has adopted various statutes as legislative acts which are endorsed for recommend the conduct in society, promotion of welfare of the population as well as defining the crimes and their punishments. Other major regulations are adopted through session laws as state legislature, official gazettes as the publication of the government of India in form of ordinances and regulations as well as Individual Central and State Bare Acts. The constitution is amended and new laws are also created using different case laws or various court decisions. As discussed earlier the hierarchy of the courts sometimes requires amendment of laws as per case laws and judgments by different courts of Indian legal system. Indian legal system has been structured very keenly and has been created very carefully keeping in view the sovereignty of people of India.[6] The Indian constitution Article 14 21 manifests the central tenets of the principles of natural justice. The common law of natural justice is clearly prevalent in the substantive and procedural process under the Article 21 which imposes the fairness for the implementation of the principles of natural justice. Any violation of the above fairness of the implementation of the principles of natural justice is supposed to be resulted in the arbitrariness process under the Article 14 which indicates the violation of Equality clause.With regards to the ideology and religion, the Indian constitution claims India as a secular republic nation as well as a fundamental right to freedom of religion has been granted to the citizen of India. The constitutional preamble reads that India is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic mandating equal treatment and tolerance of all religions. By not having any official state religion and language, Indian constitution provides all Indians a right to practice, preach, and propagate any religion of their choice. Most of the religious communities are governed under their personal laws such as Hindus Personal Laws, Muslims Personal Law, Christians Personal Laws, Zoroastrians Personal Laws, and Jews Personal Laws.[7] The family laws are different as well and the nation is still in processes of progressing towards a uniform civil code. Given the Central Tenets of the Legal System you have Selected, could it Co-exist in a Type of Legal Pluralism with the Australian Legal System? As experienced while analyzing the various legal systems that core ideology behind installing a legal system is to serve a particular ideology or religion. The legal system can be defined as a set of authorized doctrines and principles which are used for the protection and promotion of cultured living standards in societies. The legal pluralism can be described as the existence of various legal systems within a specified geographical domain, as discussed in the above tenet discussion India, country which calls itself as sovereign socialist secular democratic republic, has various legal system present under its constitution such as civil laws, criminal laws as well as various personal laws on the basis of religion ex. Hindu law, Muslim law and Christian law etc. India is known to be a country, a land of pluralism par excellence because of the coexistence of different forms of religion, language and diverse culture.[8] India has special Islamic courts which addresses the concerns of Mu slim community by following the Islamic laws and other generally secular courts deal with the cases of other communities. Australia also enjoys great multicultural population however the multiculturalism can also lead to controversies as it led in India with regards to Uniform Civil Law (Muslim communities going against it). Existence of ethnic ghettos and inter-racial tension can also increase due to such cultural diversity. I believe that Yes, Indian and Australian legal systems can co-exist on the face of legal pluralism because of various reasons. Both the nations enjoy a similar political approach towards their parliament, constitution, courts as well as legal system. The similarities with regards to the law reform system also indicate that both can co-exist. As in Australia, like India the law reforms are institutionalized through a long yet secured process of public services initiative and government resourcefulness. Recent example of a newly created a National Corporations Law in Australia presents a clear example of the process followed for creating and institutionalizing the laws. The reforms initiated in the old laws of Aboriginal Australians and incorporation of gender related bias in the existing laws indicates that the roots are quite similar with the Indian legal system.[9] The basic underlying reason behind these similarities is the basis incarnation of legal system of both the nations happened from British legal system. It is quite evident that Australian legal system embeds the different cultures, old prejudices as well as allegiances yet the possibility of reforms and a simple reform process presents a great opportunity of legal pluralism. Indian and Australian legal systems can co-exist as well as must work together for reforming their legal system as per modern requirements and necessities. As quite visible in last few decades, Australia has been rejecting the total embrace of principles which are different to British common laws and anglo-centric values. As Australia recognizes the existence of customary laws, still the rights of people are regulated and they are not able to argue common law cases considering high complexities involved in the legal proceedings.[10] Thus the reliance on the native customary law is almost limited as its only existence is recognized under the common law. The join reform committee of both nations can work together to achieve the shared objectives of simplification of laws and other reforms in their legal and judicial systems. However as per the 2013 report of Joint Standing Committee on Migration was not very appreciative of the existence of the de facto legal pluralism in Australia. The Australian legal system can also use the value and reforms institutionalized by the Indian constitution with regards to acceptance of the other legal systems and promotion of legal pluralism. The eminent lawyers of both the nations should work together to fight the neglect and introduce reforms. Both the nations can also utilize the each-others constitutional decisions. As discussed earlier that Indian constitution committee had used a part of Australian constitution as well while drafting their constitution, thus it presents a great opportunity for both the nations to work together and reform their legal systems.[11] Both the nations can utilize their central tenets the legal system to co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the legal systems of each-other. Indian and Australian courts can work together with regards to the development of the common laws and reform administration in the same domain to promote the simplicity in their legal systems. The complex cultural and social situation in India and their judicial management is the domain where Indian lawmakers can help the world. The diversity of cultures and social institution as well as the failure of the government to address the related issues, the strong Indian judicial system has provided a great alternative of the common people of India.The uppermost authoritative court of India, the Supreme Court has been a key contributor to reforms and redressal in laws and regulations for the betterment of the society. Australia also enjoys the similar professionally sound and creative law reform and regulation management system to achieve the desired updates in the old laws and institutionalize the new ones.[12] Institutionalizing the Australian Law Reform Commission was one the most smart judiciary reform that has helped Australian legal system to be dynamic as well as appropriate for the current hanging environments. State Law Reform Commissions have been the engineers of the path to provide new reforms in the law through their experience and judiciary changes. The reform commissions have been continuously working on reforming the laws with regards to sentencing, disability, defamation, uniform succession, and medical treatment consent and many more. India also has been able to revoke and remove thousands of redundant laws and reforming them to make them modern and simpler. This presents a great opportunity for the lawyers and judges of both the nations to work towards the legal pluralism in each-others constitutions. The similarities in the constitution with regards to federal and common laws as well as language, the statutory lineage of large areas of public and private laws etc. clearly indicate that both the nations can utilize their central tenets the legal system to co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the legal systems of each-other. References 1. Avinash Gadhre, Law and Religion (July01, 2015) Legal Services India https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/law-and-religion-1852-1.html Ashok Jain, Structure Of Indian Legal System:-Original Origin And Development (2014) 4 International journal of law and legal jurisprudence studies G Peiris, Involuntary Manslaughter in Commonwealth Law (1985) 5 Legal Studies F C Hutley, The Legal Traditions of Australia as Contrasted with Those of the United States (1981) 55 Australian Law Journal H R Khanna, The Making of India's Constitution (Eastern Book Co, 1st ed, 1981) Privy Council Limitation of Appeals)Act 1968 (Australia) S J Sorabjee, Public Interest Litigation for Protection and Promotion of Human Rights: The Indian Experience (1996) 1 New Zealand Law Conference Proceedings M Sornarajah, Duress and Murder in Commonwealth Law (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly Rene David and John E.C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems In The World Today(2012) 10 Journal of Law S Yeo, Lessons on Provocation from the Indian Penal Code (1992) 41 International and Comparative Law Quarterly SLIF, Indian Judicial System (2011) https://www.silf.org.in/16/indian-judicial-system.htm Theophanous v The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd and Anor (1994) 182 CLR 104.

Human Disease and Immunity Research Project

Question: Explain Human Disease and Immunity Research Project. Answer: AIDS: The Acquired Human Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV is a virus that gradually destroys the bodys defense mechanism i.e. the immune system of the human body. This virus destroys the T-helper cell and undergoes replication inside the cells. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with theimmune system, increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis, as well as otheropportunistic infections, andtumorsthat rarely affect people who have working immune systems. AIDS is one of the life-threatening diseases that have created fear in the world. Mode of transmission - HIV gets transmitted by several ways: Blood Semen Rectal fluids Pre-seminal fluid Vaginal fluids Breast milk These body fluids come in direct contact with the mucous membrane or the damaged cells or with the use of contagious needle injected into the bloodstream of the human beings. The mucous membranes are found inside the vagina, penis, rectum, and mouth. During the sexual intercourse with an HIV infected person through the seminal or vaginal or rectal the virus is transmitted to the partner. These fluids increase the risk of AIDS. Sharing contagious needles during blood transfusion the virus may get passed on to an uninfected person. During pregnancy, the virus might get transmitted from the mother to the baby or may be through breastfeeding. Although HIV is contagious in nature, the virus cannot be transmitted through urine. Heterosexual mode of sexual intercourse is another major mode of transmission of this virus. Rare cases have been reported that HIV can be transmitted through acupuncture, human bite, artificial insemination and tattoo. Symptoms and impact The symptoms of the AIDS vary from individual to individual depending on the stage complexity. In certain case, it has been observed that some people experience flu-like symptoms which develop within two to four weeks after the invasion of the virus in the body. Few of them may not feel sick during this period. The flu symptoms involve fever, chills, night sweats, rash, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes and mouth ulcers. These symptoms may last from few days to several months. During this time, a patient might not show the positive result to the HIV test, but they would be capable enough to pass the disease to others. The early stage is known as the "clinical latency test" and during this stage, the symptoms remain generally suppressed. The late stage involves the following symptoms: rapid weight loss, recurring of flu with sweating at the night, diarrhea, sores in the mouth, pneumonia, extreme tiredness, swelling of the lymph gland, memory loss, depression. Mor eover, symptom ms such as red, brown, purplish or pink blotches under or on the skin, or inside the eyelids, nose, and mouth are also observed sometimes. After the original symptoms vanish, HIV may not be the origin any extra symptoms for months to years. Throughout this time, HIV replicates within our body and starts to deteriorate our immune system. An individual wont feel or look ill, but the HIV is still active, and we can effortlessly transmit it to a susceptible person. That is why early examination, even while we feel well, is so vital. It might take up to ten years or more, but HIV might ultimately break along an individuals immune system. Once this takes place, HIV will develop to AIDS that is the final phase of infection. At this time, our immune system is harshly damaged, creating an individual more susceptible to various infections. Mode of prevention and control HIV prevention refers to the practices done in order to prevent the spread of AIDS. These practices are may be constituted by an individual or by the government. One of the universally effective methods for preventing HIV during sexual intercourse is the use of various preventive methods. HIV positive mothers can prevent the spread of this disease is by the consumption of antiretroviral drugs. Medical professionals and scientists recommend treatment or prevention of other infections such asherpes,hepatitis A,hepatitis B,hepatitis C, human papillomavirus,syphilis,gonorrhea, andtuberculosisas an indirect way to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Influential messages delivered via health advertising and communal marketing campaigns that are planned to educate every individual about the consequences of AIDS and straightforward prevention strategies are too an imperative way of preventing AIDS. This persuasive information has productively increased individuals knowledge about the diseas e and the virus. More prominently, information sent out during advertising and social promotion also shows to be effectual in promoting more constructive manner and intentions toward future use of a condom. Even if they did not carry major change in real behaviors excluding those were targeting at precise behavioral skills. Dependablecondomapplication reduces the danger ofheterosexualHIV transmission by about 80% over the long period. Where one associate of a pair is infected, consistent condom use leads in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected individual of lower than 1% per year. Thus, preventive measures which can stop the passage of the fluids that can transmit the virus from an infected individual to a susceptible person should be used in order to control rate of the dreadful disease. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is a bacterial disorder that is contagious by nature and is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is characterized by the infection in the lungs and many times have been observed to affect other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world that has affected thirty percentage of the world population. This disease has been a threat to many countries globally. Mode of transmission The mode of transmission of tuberculosis from an infected to a susceptible person is via airborne particles known as the droplet nuclei. When a person has pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis sneeze, cough, shout or laughs the infectious droplet nuclei containing the bacteria are released. These droplets remain suspended in the air for many hours. These bacteria, therefore, get transmitted by the air and not by the surface contact. When a person inhales these droplets consisting of the microorganism the disease is caused. These droplets nuclei enter a susceptible person through the mouth or the nasal passage and then through the trachea enters the respiratory tract. In this way, the bacteria reaches the bronchi and ultimately make their way to the alveoli of the lungs. People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate.A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 1 015 (or more) other people per year. Symptoms Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs. This type of tuberculosis is known as the Pulmonary tuberculosis. If tuberculosis develops outside the lungs, then it is termed as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis." The general symptoms of the disease are fever, chills, loss of appetite, fatigue and night sweats. Sometimes nail clubbing might also be observed. In the case of the pulmonary tuberculosis, the infection becomes active and the signs noticed are chest pain, prolonged cough including sputum production. In certain cases blood along with a cough are also observed. If the infection erodes the pulmonary artery, it leads to massive bleeding. In terms of the extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, the common symptoms observed are "bursting of a tubercular abscess" through skin lead to a tuberculous ulcer. If the disease occurs in the lymph nodes, then the ulcer enlarges slowly with a wash leather appearance. Mode of prevention and control Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, andvaccinationwith theBacillus Calmette-Gurinvaccine. Treatment requires the use of multipleantibioticsover a long period of time. Antibiotic resistanceis a growing problem with increasing rates ofmultiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. Adaptation to various methods has reduced the number of TB patients. One of the greatest examples is China. TB education is essential for every individual with Tuberculosis. People with TB require understanding that how to consume their TB drugs effectively. They also should know how to make an assurance that they would not pass TB on to another individual. But TB learning is also significant for the common public. The public requires attaining essential information regarding TB for a numeral of purposes counting dropping the stigma still linked with TB. TB facts websites have an easy TB quiz that can aid to educate individuals about TB. TB drug treatment for the prevention of TB, also known as chemoprophylaxis, can reduce the risk of the first episode of active TB. TB prevention the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the drug isoniazid should be taken daily for at least six months and preferably nine months. Prevention and alertness of this disease through campaigns and workshops have helped in reducing the rate of this disease. Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito borne disease which is infectious by nature. This disease is prevalent in human beings and other animals as well as other animals. This disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan belonging to the Plasmodium species. Mode of transmission - Malaria is infected by the Plasmodium vivax where the female anopheles mosquito acts as a vector for carrying the microorganism. The infection or the germ is transmitted by a bite of the anopheles mosquito. The mosquito when bites an infected person receives the gametocyte of the parasite via the blood stream. The gametocytes replicates and the saprophytes produced get filled into the salivary glands of the infected mosquito. These saprophytes are transmitted into the blood stream of an individual when such an infected mosquito bites the individual. In few cases, it has been observed that malaria can spread by the inoculation of blood from an infected person to a susceptible person. The disease can also be transmitted from mother to a child through the placenta. Accidental transmission can also take place among drug addicts those who share the same syringes or needles. Symptoms The symptoms of the disease start developing and reflecting within eight to twenty-five days. However, the symptoms can also develop late. The initial manifestation involves flu like signs, headache, fever, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, shivering, joint pain, retinal damage, convulsions, and jaundice. The classical signs of this disease involve shivering due to fever and sweating. In the case of the cerebral malaria the patient exhibit neurological symptoms such as nystagmus, conjugate gaze palsy, abnormal posturing, seizures or coma and opisthotonus. Mode of prevention and control Malaria is a difficult disease to control largely due to the highly adaptable nature of the vector and parasites involved. While effective tools have been and will continue to be developed to combat malaria, inevitably, over time the parasites and mosquitoes will evolve means to circumvent those tools if used in isolation or used ineffectively. To achieve sustainable control over malaria, healthcare professionals will need a combination of new approaches and tools, and research will play a critical role in the development of those next-generation strategies." Effective vaccines would be critical to develope against the disease as a prevention strategy. NIAID supports a wide range of research on the development of the vaccine against the disease. Antimalarial drugs, in combination with mosquito control programs, have historically played a key role in controlling malaria in endemic areas, resulting in significant reduction of the geographic range of malarial disease worldwide. Vector management tools such as insecticides, environmental modification, and bed nets have contributed greatly to successful malaria control efforts historically. Prevention of this disease is much more cost-effective than treatment of the disease in the long run. The cost required for using the preventive measures is accessible by most of the poor countries. Vector control refers to procedures used to reduce malaria by decreasing the levels of broadcast by mosquitoes. To protect an individual, the most effectualinsect repellentsare depended onDEETorpicaridin. Insecticide-treatedmosquito nets(ITNs) andindoor residual spraying(IRS) have been exposed to be extremely efficient in preventing malaria between children in locations where malaria is frequent. The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by usingmosquito netsandinsect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as sprayinginsecticidesand draining standing water. Several medications are available toprevent malariain travelers to areas where the disease is common. "Recent improvements in malaria prevention strategies have further enhanced its effectiveness in combating areas highly infected with the malaria parasite. Additional bite prevention measures include mosquito and insect repellents that can be directly applied to the skin. This form of mosquito repellent is slowly replacingindoor residual spraying, which is considered to have high levels of toxicity by WHO (World Health Organization). Further additions to preventive care are sanctions on blood transfusions. Once the malaria parasite enters the erythrocytic stage, it can adversely affect blood cells, making it possible to contract the parasite through infected blood. Doxycycline and the atovaquone and proguanil combination are the best tolerated with mefloquine associated with higher rates of neurological and psychiatric symptoms." References: Abate, Getahun, and Daniel F. Hoft. "Variations Between Bacillus Calmette-Gurin Strains: Lessons from Tuberculosis Prevention."European urology66.4 (2014): 692-693. Adams, Megan Duncan.Predictors of malaria prevention and case management among children under five in three African countries: Analysis of demographic health surveys (DHS) malaria indicator surveys. Diss. THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, 2015. Alemu, Abebe, et al. "Effect of malaria on HIV/AIDS transmission and progression."Parasit Vectors6.18 (2013): 1756-3305. Bai, J. F., and J. W. Wang. "Effect of Xiang A Granule combined with antiviral therapy for AIDS pathogenesis with syndrome of dampness overabundance due to spleen deficiency and liver-qi stagnation on clinical symptoms improvements."China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/ Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi27.5 (2012): 1404-1406. Bogart, Laura M., et al. "Perceived discrimination and physical health among HIV-positive Black and Latino men who have sex with men."AIDS and Behavior17.4 (2013): 1431-1441. Brands, Martien, and Suzanne van Berkel. "Homeopathic diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Kenya."International Journal of High Dilution Resarch13.47 (2014). Chiodini, P. L., et al. "Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom. London."Public Health England, July 2013(2013). Cluver, Lucie, et al. "The hidden harm of home-based care: pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms among children providing home medical care to HIV/AIDS-affected adults in South Africa."AIDS care25.6 (2013): 748-755. Field, Martha A. "Coercion as a tool in the Fight against AIDS: Persuation is Preferable to Force." (2015). Gandhi, Neel R., et al. "Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa."Journal of Infectious Diseases207.1 (2013): 9-17. HIV, CDC, and H. LONG. "AIDS."Medical Care916 (2012): 874-7720. Larson, Lex K.Employee Health--AIDS Discrimination. Vol. 10. Larson on Employment Discrimination, 2015. Lnnroth, Knut, Gojka Roglic, and Anthony D. Harries. "Improving tuberculosis prevention and care through addressing the global diabetes epidemic: from evidence to policy and practice."The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology2.9 (2014): 730-739. Maheu-Giroux, Mathieu, and Marcia C. Castro. "Do malaria vector control measures impact disease-related behaviour and knowledge? Evidence from a large-scale larviciding intervention in Tanzania."Malar J12.422 (2013): 10-1186. Margolis, B., et al. "Prevalence of tuberculosis symptoms and latent tuberculous infection among prisoners in northeastern Malaysia."The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease17.12 (2013): 1538. Matsumoto-Takahashi, Emilie Louise Akiko, et al. "Patient Knowledge on Malaria Symptoms Is a Key to Promoting Universal Access of Patients to Effective Malaria Treatment in Palawan, the Philippines."PloS one10.6 (2015): e0127858. Middelkoop, Keren, et al. "Transmission of tuberculosis in a South African community with a high prevalence of HIV infection."Journal of Infectious Diseases211.1 (2015): 53-61. Mordecai, Erin A., et al. 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Critical Analysis of Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis of Accounting ? Answer : Introduction This paper presents a critical analysis of the article titled as, Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research and written by Dunmore (2009)[1]. The primary aim of this critical analysis is to find out the usefulness of the article in achieving the objectives sought to be achieved. The article is aimed at exploring crucial facts about the use of positive approach towards research in the field of accountancy. The article discusses theoretical frameworks with the support of practical data to explore facts about the positive accounting approach. Thus, both the qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used by the researcher in the research work. The aim of this paper is to test appropriateness of the approaches used and theories applied in the research work. Summary of Article The introduction section of the article presents that understanding and incorporating the human behavior in the process of setting principles of accounting is crucial. Modeling the system of accounting based on theories, which lack in their practical application, does not help in establishing cause and effect relationship. However, in order to construct an adequate system of accounting it is considered necessary to set principles of accounting based on cause and effect relationship. In this regard, positive accounting approach for research in the field of accounting is considered necessary. Research based on positive accounting approach seeks to find out actual accounting practices which are likely to be followed in the practical world. The article extends discussion on the application of positive research approach in the field of accounting. Further, the author has extended the discussion to the areas where application of positive research approach has been successful alongside the areas where it has failed. Further, the author also discusses the deficiencies in the application of positive research approach in the field of accounting along with suggestions for improvements. The discussion starts with explaining an example of application of the positive research approach in the field of accounting. Positive research in accounting field is one which stresses on establishing cause and effect relationship, though the causes may relate to the non rationale aspect of the human behavior[2]. The positive accounting theory states that accounting practices adopted by the professionals in the field of accounting are affected by self interest. It is quite commonly observed that the accounting manager may manipulate the accounting policies and procedures for their personal gains. This aspect of accounting is not covered in the researches which are based on the normative research approach as opposed to the positive research approach. Thus, there is a room for positive research in the field of accounting which is apparent from the arguments of the positive accounting theory. After citing an example of application of positive research in the accounting domain, the researcher linked it with scientific ontology and epistemology. The discussion resulted in an inference that the concepts of ontology and epistemology may not be hundred percent fit to be applied in the field of accounting, but they are not illogical too. Further, the author extended its work to hypothesis testing. At the first place, the author found that a theory that can not be falsified by disapproving observations can not be said to be scientific. Further, the theories which are built not based on the results of empirical data are difficult to be falsified. The positive accounting theory is built based on mere observations of human behavior rather than the results of empirical data analysis. Thus, the positive accounting theory can not be falsified and therefore it can not be said to be scientific. After that the author carried out wider discussion on how the theories could be falsified or tested when no data work is involved setting those theories. Further, the author brings into discussion the arguments of the qualitative positive research[3]. The author sates in this regard that its a misconception that for being a research to be called positive, it is needed to be based on empirical data work. The qualitative researches which do not involve data work can also be regarded as positive. Further, the author explains in his work about the logic behind statistical hypothesis testing and its weaknesses. In this regard, the author states that research in the field of accounting would involve some sort of data work which necessitates the use of statistics. However, while using statistics in the research work it should be kept in mind that it is used only to make estimations rather testing hypothesis to the final conclusion. Based on these findings, the author came up with the inference that the scope of application of statistics is very low in the field of positive and qualitative researches. After that the author moved its discussion further by exploring the alternatives to carry out positive researches successfully. In this regard, the author states that each theory has to be measured in precise detail and the models should be framed taking into account the practical world situations. Further, the author claims that the research should focus on measurement rather than testing. The concept of measurement is wider in sense than testing, thus, it is considered more appropriate. Based on this overall discussion, the author concluded the article by stipulating crucial articulations and inferences. At the first instance, the author concluded that the theoretical models are not appropriate to support positive research in the field on accounting. Thus, there is a great need to develop the theoretical models which can be applied in positive research. The lack of appropriateness in the theoretical accounting models appears to be due to increased use of adhoc quantitative models. At the end, the author concluded that contributions made by the positive accounting research are considerable and thus, there should be built up an environment that suits its adaptability. Research Question How the positive research approach is applied in the field of accounting and what are the difficulties encountered in its application? The research question is directed towards exploration of the use of positive research approach in accounting profession. This question arose from the fact that the accounting practices are highly affected by the human behavior. Thus, it becomes necessary to carry out the researches in the field of accounting based on the approach that focus more on practical aspect rather than theoretical frameworks. Theoretical Framework The views taken from the scientific concepts of ontology and epistemology gave a push to this research. In the past, the researches in the field of accounting have been seen to be based on the normative approach. Normative accounting approach follows theoretical framework disregarding the practical world situations. In contrast to this positive accounting research approach takes into consideration the practical world situations. Thus, it is more likely that the positive accounting research approach would bring out the actual accounting practices which are being followed by the accounting professionals. The accounting practices and the application of the accounting principles could be different when it is applied practically. Therefore, it is crucial to base the researches in the field of accounting on positive research approach. The Significance and Limitations of the Article The article is about exploration of the use of positive research approach in the field of accounting. This research holds importance due to the reason that most of the researches in the field of accounting carried out in the past are based on the normative research approach, which does not incorporate the considerations of practical application of the accounting policies and principles. Further, the previous researches also do not provide much evidence of the possibility of use of positive approach in the field of accounting, which is handled through this research. However the use of positive approach in the researches in the accounting field is quite beneficial, but it has certain limitations. One of the prominent limitations is the lack of strong theoretical framework to judge the human behavior. The applicability of the positive theory relies on the human behavior which is subject change. Further, this research claims to focus more on the measurement rather than testing hypothesis . It puts a limitation on the research that the hypothesis measured may not as reliable as it would have been if it had gone through testing process[4]. Conclusion The article aims to explore that whether the use of positive research approach in the field of accounting is possible. Further, it stresses on the usefulness of the positive accounting. The article explains the things comprehensively in a great detail but it could have been better if things were arranged in a sophisticated manner. Further, the language of the article also lacks in achieving the proficient level. Further, the headings kept in the article also appear to be not suitable. The headings should be framed in such a manner that is gives an overall idea to the reader of the content given under that heading. However, the presentation in the article as regards hypothesis is consistent and the conclusion section is also presented neatly. The author has clearly articulated results of discussion in respect of each hypothesis. The article has contributed significantly in the field of accounting research and it is considered to be beneficial for the researchers looking for future res earches in accounting field. References Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. Ghanbari, M., Manesh, M.Z., Khorasani, H., Nejad, M.H. (2016). PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 10(2), pp. 177-182. Kabir, H. (2011). Positive Accounting Theory and Science. Journal of Centrum Cathedra, pp.136-149. [1] Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. [2] Kabir, H. (2011). Positive Accounting Theory and Science. Journal of Centrum Cathedra, pp.136-149. [3]Dunmore, P.V. (2009). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand [4]Ghanbari, M., Manesh, M.Z., Khorasani, H., Nejad, M.H. (2016). PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 10(2), pp. 177-182.